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Thiết bị bảo vệ cá nhân ̣(PPE) là gì?
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What is Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)?
Mountaineering and Personal Fall Protection
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the European Union (EU) refers to any device or appliance designed to be worn or held by an individual for protection against one or more health and safety hazards:
Physical
Electrical
Chemicals
Biohazards
Airborne particulate matter
The European Economic Community (EEC) has a Directive (a law) that governs common quality and safety standards. Manufacturers of PPE must comply with these quality and safety standards.
Employers must supply appropriate PPE where such hazards exist.
Employers must carry out a risk assessment to determine the hazards.
The Directive does not distinguish between PPE for professional use and PPE for leisure purposes.
PPE Categories
Category I: Products for use with minimal hazards, such as sun glasses and protective footwear..
Category II: PPE not falling into category I or III, such as crampons and helmets.
Category III: Products that protect against mortal danger or serious harm to health, such as harnesses, connectors (crabs), lanyards, slings, pulleys, ice axes, cams, nuts etc.
Personal protective equipment excluded from the scope of the Directive includes:
PPE designed for and used by the armed forces or in the maintenance of law and order.
PPE for self-defence (e.g. aerosol canisters, personal deterrent weapons).
PPE designed and manufactured for personal use against adverse atmospheric conditions (e.g. seasonal clothing, umbrellas), damp and water (e.g. dish-washing gloves) and heat.
Standards
These are drawn up by working groups comprised of experts including manufacturers and national bodies.
Mountaineering/Climbing equipment comes mainly under the Mountaineering Standards but some items may come under the Personal Fall Protection standards.
Pulleys come under a Mountaineering standard.
Ascenders and descenders can conform to both the relevant Mountaineering and Personal Fall Protection standards.
Personal ‘industrial’ equipment comes mainly under Personal Fall Protection standards
Mountaineering standards
Dynamic ropes
Connectors (locking & non-locking)
Mountaineering harnesses (full body, small body, sit and chest)
Slings
Climbing helmets
Braking devices
Rope clamps
Rock anchors
Pitons
Frictional anchors
Chocks
Ice screws
Ice tools
Crampons
Pulleys
Via ferrata
Accessory cord
Tape/webbing
Personal fall protection standards
Low stretch ropes
Connectors (locking gates only)
Full body harnesses, sit harnesses
Lanyards
Industrial helmets
Descender devices
Rope adjustment devices
Anchor devices
Energy absorbers
Guided fall arresters
Retractable fall arresters
Work positioning systems
Rescue lifting devices
Fall arrest systems
Each Standard consists
Scope – what equipment the standard covers.
Definitions – relevant definitions.
Requirements – minimum performance criteria and strength.
Testing methods – including apparatus, conditioning and procedure.
Marking – information to be marked on the product.
Information to be supplied – in addition to the standard requirements for all PPE equipment.
Each Standard has an EN (European Norm) number and the year of latest issue. e.g. Mountaineering Harnesses – EN 12277:2015, Rope access systems – Rope adjustment devices – EN 12841:2006.
